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Review

The skin as an endocrine organ

Christos C. Zouboulis

Through the definition of novel biological activities of hormones and their diversity on different skin cell types, it has become apparent that the skin itself possesses the capacity to generate several hormones and substances with hormone-like activity. These substances appear to act through paracrine, autocrine, intracrine and endocrine mechanisms to fulfill their pleiotropic effects. Also new is the knowledge that the skin can metabolize hormones and produce derivatives with potentially systemic activity. These findings point towards novel concepts in our understanding of the skin role and of its hormones as important players in homeostasis and disorders of the entire human organism. Finally, the scientists active in the field of Dermato-Endocrinology expect that their activities will exploit the pharmacological and therapeutic function of hormone mediators, their receptors and antagonists. The latter idea has already been realized for corticosteroids, androgens, estrogens, topical vitamin D analogues and retinoids which today have an established place in Clinical Dermatology.

Authors

Christos C. Zouboulis Corresponding author: christos.zouboulis@klinikum-dessau.de

Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau Germany