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Review
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes
Daniel J. Klionsky, Hagai Abeliovich, Patricia Agostinis, Devendra K. Agrawal, Gjumrakch Aliev, David S. Askew, Misuzu Baba, Eric H. Baehrecke, Ben A. Bahr, Andrea Ballabio, Bruce A. Bamber, Diane C. Bassham, Ettore Bergamini, Xiaoning Bi, Martine Biard-Piechaczyk, Janice S. Blum, Dale E. Bredesen, Jeffrey L. Brodsky, John H. Brumell, Ulf T. Brunk, Wilfried Bursch, Nadine Camougrand, Eduardo Cebollero, Francesco Cecconi, Yingyu Chen, Lih-Shen Chin, Augustine Choi, Charleen T. Chu, Jongkyeong Chung, Robert S.B. Clark, Peter G.H. Clarke, Steven G. Clarke, Corinne Clave, John L. Cleveland, Patrice Codogno, María I. Colombo, Ana Coto-Montes, James M. Cregg, Ana Maria Cuervo, Jayanta Debnath, Patrick B. Dennis, Phillip A. Dennis, Francesca Demarchi, Vojo Deretic, Rodney J. Devenish, Federica Di Sano, J. Fred Dice, Clark W. Distelhorst, Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar, N. Tony Eissa, Marian DiFiglia, Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny, Frank C. Dorsey, Wulf Dröge, Michel Dron, William A. Dunn, Jr., Michael Duszenko, Zvulun Elazar, Audrey Esclatine, Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen, László Fésüs, Kim D. Finley, José M. Fuentes, Juan Fueyo, Kozo Fujisaki, Brigitte Galliot, Fen-Biao Gao, David A. Gewirtz, Spencer B. Gibson, Antje Gohla, Alfred L. Goldberg, Ramon Gonzalez, Cristina González-Estévez, Sharon M. Gorski, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Dieter Häussinger, You-Wen He, Kim Heidenreich, Joseph A. Hill, Maria Høyer-Hansen, Xun Hu, Wei-Pang Huang, Akiko Iwasaki, Marja Jäättelä, William T. Jackson, Xuejun Jiang, Shengkan Jin, Terje Johansen, Jae U. Jung, Motoni Kadowaki, Chanhee Kang, Ameeta Kelekar, David H. Kessel, Jan A.K.W. Kiel, Hong Pyo Kim, Adi Kimchi, Timothy J. Kinsella, Kirill Kiselyov, Katsuhiko Kitamoto, Erwin Knecht, Masaaki Komatsu, Eiki Kominami, Seiji Kondo, Attila L. Kovács, Guido Kroemer, Chia-Yi Kuan, Rakesh Kumar, Mondira Kundu, Jacques Landry, Marianne Laporte, Weidong Le, Huan-Yao Lei, Beth Levine, Andrew Lieberman, Kah-Leong Lim, Fu-Cheng Lin, Willisa Liou, Leroy F. Liu, Gabriel Lopez-Berestein, Carlos López-Otín, Bo Lu, Kay F. Macleod, Walter Malorni, Wim Martinet, Ken Matsuoka, Josef Mautner, Alfred J. Meijer, Alicia Meléndez, Paul Michels, Giovanni Miotto, Wilhelm P. Mistiaen, Noboru Mizushima, Baharia Mograbi, Michael N. Moore, Paula I. Moreira, Yuji Moriyasu, Tomasz Motyl, Christian Münz, Leon O. Murphy, Naweed I. Naqvi, Thomas P. Neufeld, Ichizo Nishino, Ralph A. Nixon, Takeshi Noda, Bernd Nürnberg, Michinaga Ogawa, Nancy L. Oleinick, Laura J. Olsen, Bulent Ozpolat, Shoshana Paglin, Glen E. Palmer, Issidora S. Papassideri, Miles Parkes, David H. Perlmutter, George Perry, Mauro Piacentini, Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski, Mark Prescott, Tassula Proikas-Cezanne, Nina Raben, Abdelhaq Rami, Fulvio Reggiori, Bärbel Rohrer, David C. Rubinsztein, Kevin M. Ryan, Junichi Sadoshima, Hiroshi Sakagami, Yasuyoshi Sakai, Marco Sandri, Chihiro Sasakawa, Miklós Sass, Claudio Schneider, Per O. Seglen, Oleksandr Seleverstov, Jeffrey Settleman, John J. Shacka, Irving M. Shapiro, Andrei A. Sibirny, Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacarin, Hans-Uwe Simon, Cristiano Simone, Anne Simonsen, Mark A. Smith, Katharina Spanel-Borowski, Vickram Srinivas, Meredith Steeves, Harald Stenmark, Per E. Stromhaug, Carlos S. Subauste, Seiichiro Sugimoto, David Sulzer, Toshihiko Suzuki, Michele S. Swanson, Ira Tabas, Fumihiko Takeshita, Nicholas J. Talbot, Zsolt Tallóczy, Keiji Tanaka, Kozo Tanaka, Isei Tanida, Graham S. Taylor, J. Paul Taylor, Alexei Terman, Gianluca Tettamanti, Craig B. Thompson, Michael Thumm, Aviva M. Tolkovsky, Sharon A. Tooze, Ray Truant, Lesya V. Tumanovska, Yasuo Uchiyama, Takashi Ueno, Néstor L. Uzcátegui, Ida J. van der Klei, Eva C. Vaquero, Tibor Vellai, Michael W. Vogel, Hong-Gang Wang, Paul Webster, Zhijun Xi, Gutian Xiao, Joachim Yahalom, Jin-Ming Yang, George S. Yap, Xiao-Ming Yin, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Zhenyu Yue, Michisuke Yuzaki, Olga Zabirnyk, Xiaoxiang Zheng, Xiongwei Zhu and Russell L. Deter
Volume 4, Issue 216 February 2008
Pages: 151 - 175
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Authors
Daniel J. Klionsky
University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI USA
Hagai Abeliovich
Hebrew University
Patricia Agostinis
Catholic University of Leuven
Devendra K. Agrawal
Creighton University School of Medicine
Gjumrakch Aliev
University of Texas at San Antonio
David S. Askew
University of Cincinati
Misuzu Baba
Eric H. Baehrecke
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Ben A. Bahr
University of Connecticut
Andrea Ballabio
Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)
Bruce A. Bamber
University of Toledo
Diane C. Bassham
Iowa State University
Ettore Bergamini
Center for Research on Biology and Pathology of Aging
Xiaoning Bi
Western University of Health Sciences
Martine Biard-Piechaczyk
Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, CNRS UM1, UM2
Janice S. Blum
Indiana University School of Medicine
Dale E. Bredesen
Buck Institute for Age Research
Jeffrey L. Brodsky
University of Pittsburgh
John H. Brumell
Hospital for Sick Children
Ulf T. Brunk
Linköping University
Wilfried Bursch
Medical University of Vienna
Nadine Camougrand
Université de Bordeaux 2
Eduardo Cebollero
Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales
Francesco Cecconi
University of Rome Tor Vergata
Yingyu Chen
Peking University
Lih-Shen Chin
Emory University School of Medicine
Augustine Choi
Brigham & Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School
Charleen T. Chu
University of Pittsburgh
Jongkyeong Chung
Korea advanced institute of science and technology
Robert S.B. Clark
Safar Center for Resuscitation Research
Peter G.H. Clarke
Université de Lausanne
Steven G. Clarke
University of California, Los Angeles
Corinne Clave
University of California, Los Angeles
John L. Cleveland
The Scripps Research Institute
Patrice Codogno
35INSERM U756 and the Université Paris-Sud 11
María I. Colombo
Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
Ana Coto-Montes
Universidad de Oviedo
James M. Cregg
Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Sciences
Ana Maria Cuervo
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Jayanta Debnath
University of California, San Francisco
Patrick B. Dennis
University of Cincinnati
Phillip A. Dennis
National Cancer Institute/Navy Medical Oncology
Francesca Demarchi
Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie
Vojo Deretic
University of New Mexico Health Science Center
Rodney J. Devenish
Monash University
Federica Di Sano
University of Tor Vergata
J. Fred Dice
Tufts University
Clark W. Distelhorst
Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland
Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
Yale University
N. Tony Eissa
Baylor College of Medicine
Marian DiFiglia
Massachusetts General Hospital
Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny
Université Paris-Sud 11
Frank C. Dorsey
The Scripps Research Institute
Wulf Dröge
Immunotec Research Ltd.
Michel Dron
INRA UR892
William A. Dunn, Jr.
University of Florida College of Medicine
Michael Duszenko
University of Tubingen
Zvulun Elazar
The Weizmann Institute of Science
Audrey Esclatine
Université Paris-Sud 11
Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
University of Helsinki
László Fésüs
University of Debrecen
Kim D. Finley
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
José M. Fuentes
Univeridad de Extremadura
Juan Fueyo
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Kozo Fujisaki
Kagoshima University
Brigitte Galliot
University of Geneva
Fen-Biao Gao
The J. David Gladstone Institutes at University of California, San Francisco
David A. Gewirtz
Virginia Commonwealth University
Spencer B. Gibson
University of Manitoba
Antje Gohla
Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet
Alfred L. Goldberg
Harvard Medical School
Ramon Gonzalez
Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales
Cristina González-Estévez
The University of Nottingham
Sharon M. Gorski
BC Cancer Agency
Roberta A. Gottlieb
San Diego State University
Dieter Häussinger
Heinrich Heine Universität
You-Wen He
Duke University Medical Center
Kim Heidenreich
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
Joseph A. Hill
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Maria Høyer-Hansen
Danish Cancer Society
Xun Hu
Zhejiang University School of Medicine
Wei-Pang Huang
National Taiwan University
Akiko Iwasaki
Yale University School of Medicine
Marja Jäättelä
Danish Cancer Society
William T. Jackson
Medical College of Wisconsin
Xuejun Jiang
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Shengkan Jin
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
Terje Johansen
University of Tromsø
Jae U. Jung
University of Southern California Keck Medical School
Motoni Kadowaki
Niigata University
Chanhee Kang
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Ameeta Kelekar
University of Minnesota
David H. Kessel
Wayne State University School of Medicine
Jan A.K.W. Kiel
University of Groningen
Hong Pyo Kim
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Adi Kimchi
Weizmann Institute of Science
Timothy J. Kinsella
University Hospitals of Cleveland
Kirill Kiselyov
University of Pittsburgh
Katsuhiko Kitamoto
The University of Tokyo
Erwin Knecht
Centro de Investigación Princípe Felipe
Masaaki Komatsu
Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
Eiki Kominami
Juntendo University School of Medicine
Seiji Kondo
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Attila L. Kovács
Eötvös Loránd University
Guido Kroemer
Institut Gustave Roussy and the Université Paris-Sud 11
Chia-Yi Kuan
Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Rakesh Kumar
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Mondira Kundu
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Jacques Landry
Laval Universtity
Marianne Laporte
Eastern Michigan University
Weidong Le
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Huan-Yao Lei
National Cheng Kung University
Beth Levine
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Andrew Lieberman
University of Michigan Medical School
Kah-Leong Lim
National Neuroscience Institute
Fu-Cheng Lin
Biotechnology Institute; Huajiachi Campus of Zhejiang University; Kaixuan Road 268#; Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, China.
Willisa Liou
Chang Gung University
Leroy F. Liu
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Carlos López-Otín
Universidad de Oviedo
Bo Lu
Vanderbilt University
Kay F. Macleod
University of Chicago
Walter Malorni
Istituto Superiore di Sanita
Wim Martinet
University of Antwerp
Ken Matsuoka
Kyushu University
Josef Mautner
GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health
Alfred J. Meijer
Academic Medical Center
Alicia Meléndez
City University of New York
Paul Michels
Research Unit for Tropical Diseases, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain
Giovanni Miotto
University of Padua
Wilhelm P. Mistiaen
The University College of Antwerp
Noboru Mizushima
Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Baharia Mograbi
INSERM ERI 21, and the Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Expérimentale
Michael N. Moore
Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Paula I. Moreira
Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
Yuji Moriyasu
Saitama University
Tomasz Motyl
Warsaw Agricultural University
Christian Münz
The Rockefeller University
Leon O. Murphy
Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc.
Naweed I. Naqvi
National University of Singapore
Thomas P. Neufeld
University of Minnesota
Ichizo Nishino
National Institute of Neuroscience
Ralph A. Nixon
New York University School of Medicine
Takeshi Noda
Osaka University
Bernd Nürnberg
Clinic for Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, The Saarland University Hospital
Michinaga Ogawa
Tokyo Daigaku Seikyo, Ikaken Shisho
Nancy L. Oleinick
Case Western Reserve University
Laura J. Olsen
University of Michigan
Bulent Ozpolat
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Shoshana Paglin
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Glen E. Palmer
LSU School of Dentistry
Issidora S. Papassideri
University of Athens
Miles Parkes
Addenbrooke's NHS Trust
David H. Perlmutter
Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh
George Perry
Case Western Reserve University
Mauro Piacentini
University of Rome Tor Vergata
Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski
Tel Aviv University
Mark Prescott
Monash University
Tassula Proikas-Cezanne
University of Tüebingen
Nina Raben
National Institutes of Health
Abdelhaq Rami
Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang von Goethe-Universität
Fulvio Reggiori
University Medical Centre Utrecht
Bärbel Rohrer
Medical University of South Carolina
David C. Rubinsztein
Cambridge Institute for Medical Research
Kevin M. Ryan
Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow, UK
Junichi Sadoshima
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
Hiroshi Sakagami
Meikai University School of Dentistry
Yasuyoshi Sakai
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; CREST, Japan
Marco Sandri
University of Padova
Chihiro Sasakawa
University of Tokyo
Miklós Sass
Eötvös Loránd University
Claudio Schneider
Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie
Per O. Seglen
The Norwegian Radium Hospital
Oleksandr Seleverstov
University of Wyoming, Department of Animal Science
Jeffrey Settleman
Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
John J. Shacka
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Irving M. Shapiro
Thomas Jefferson University
Andrei A. Sibirny
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacarin
Universidade Federal de São Carlos
Hans-Uwe Simon
University of Bern
Cristiano Simone
Consorzio Mario Negri Sud
Anne Simonsen
The Norwegian Radium Hospital
Mark A. Smith
Case Western Reserve University
Katharina Spanel-Borowski
University of Leipzig
Vickram Srinivas
Thomas Jefferson University
Meredith Steeves
The Scripps Research Institute
Harald Stenmark
The Norwegian Radium Hospital
Per E. Stromhaug
University of Missouri
Carlos S. Subauste
Case Western Reserve University
Seiichiro Sugimoto
National Hospital Organization, Miyazaki Higashi Hospital
David Sulzer
Columbia University
Toshihiko Suzuki
University of the Ryukyus
Michele S. Swanson
University of Michigan
Ira Tabas
Columbia University
Fumihiko Takeshita
Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine
Nicholas J. Talbot
University of Exeter
Zsolt Tallóczy
Columbia University
Keiji Tanaka
Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
Kozo Tanaka
Tohoku University
Isei Tanida
National Institute of Infectious Diseases
Graham S. Taylor
CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham
J. Paul Taylor
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Alexei Terman
Linköping University
Gianluca Tettamanti
University of Insubria
Craig B. Thompson
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Michael Thumm
Georg-August-Universitaet
Aviva M. Tolkovsky
University of Cambridge
Sharon A. Tooze
Cancer Research UK
Ray Truant
McMaster University
Lesya V. Tumanovska
Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology
Yasuo Uchiyama
Osaka University
Takashi Ueno
Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicne
Néstor L. Uzcátegui
Universidad Central de Venezuela
Ida J. van der Klei
University of Groningen
Eva C. Vaquero
Hospital Clínic
Tibor Vellai
Eötvös Loránd University
Michael W. Vogel
Maryland Psychiatric Research Center
Hong-Gang Wang
H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute
Paul Webster
House Ear Institute
Zhijun Xi
Peking University First Hospital
Gutian Xiao
University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
Joachim Yahalom
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Jin-Ming Yang
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
George S. Yap
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School
Xiao-Ming Yin
University of Pittsburgh
Tamotsu Yoshimori
Osaka University
Zhenyu Yue
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Michisuke Yuzaki
Keio University School of Medicine
Olga Zabirnyk
National Institutes of Health
Xiaoxiang Zheng
Zhejiang University
Xiongwei Zhu
Case Western Reserve University
Russell L. Deter
Baylor College of Medicine
We now provide open access to journal articles published online for one year or more. This article may be downloaded at the following link:
Download PDF If the document does not open, please right-click on the link (control-click on a Macintosh) and select the option to save the file to disk.
