Email this page

Print this page

Protocol

Methods to monitor autophagy in H. pylori vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA)-treated cells

Deepa Raju and Nicola L. Jones

Helicobacter pylori is a gram negative pathogen that infects at least half of the world’s population and is associated not only with gastric cancer but also with other diseases such as gastritis and peptic ulcers. Indeed, H. pylori is considered the single most important risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. The vacuolating cytotoxin, VacA, secreted by H. pylori promotes intracellular survival of the bacterium and modulates host immune responses. In a recent study, we reported that VacA induces autophagy. Multilamellar autophagosomes are detected in gastric epithelial cells that are distinct from the large vacuoles formed by VacA. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy stabilizes VacA and reduces vacuolation in the cells indicating that the toxin is being degraded by autophagy, thus limiting toxin-induced host cell damage. Many of the methods that were used for this study are commonly employed techniques that were adapted for H. pylori infection and VacA intoxication. In this paper, we describe the various methods and specific protocols used for the assessment and monitoring of autophagy during H. pylori infection.

Authors

Deepa Raju

Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology; University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario Canada

Nicola L. Jones Corresponding author: nicola.jones@sickkids.ca

Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology; University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario Canada