There is increasing evidence to suggest that the mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases (MSK) play crucial roles in a variety of cellular- and systems-level processes in the mammalian CNS. These range from mediating the phosphorylation of CREB in response to neurotrophins to underlying...

Nuclear receptors for steroid and non‑steroid hormones act through both genomic and non‑genomic mechanisms. Genomic events involve binding to cognate specific DNA sequences and subsequent recruitment of a battery of coregulators at the promoter. Non‑genomic events involve the rapid...

In addition to their essential roles in normal cell function, de-regulation of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) cascades contributes to the development of multiple diseases ranging from inflammatory disorders and autoimmunity to cancer. Mitogen and stress activated kinases (MSK) 1 and...

The immune system is essential to both combat infection by pathogens and promote tissue repair and wound healing. Failure of the immune system can occur on many levels. For instance, an inability to sense and react to pathogens will result in high mortality rates, an inability to differentiate...

Mitogen‑ and stress‑activated protein kinases, MSK1 and MSK2, are activated by the RAS‑MAPK (RAS‑RAF‑MEK‑ERK) and p38 MAPK pathways, and mediate the primary response by connecting mitogenic and stress extracellular stimuli with immediate‑early gene expression. MSK1/2 substrates...

The mitogen‑ and stress‑activated kinases‑1 and ‑2 (MSK1 and MSK2) are ubiquitous serine/threonine kinases that mediate intracellular signal transduction by mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPKs) of the p38 and ERK1/2 families. The structure of MSK is complex, featuring a...

The nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) family of transcription factors plays a central role in immune and inflammatory responses. In resting cells, NF‑κB p50‑p65 heterodimers are found in the cytoplasm bound to the IκB complex. Under inflammatory conditions, the IκB complex is...