Chapter Category: Adhesion Molecules

From the book Viral Entry into Host Cells

Paramyxovirus Entry

The family Paramyxoviridae consists of a group of large, enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses and contains many important human and animal pathogens. Molecular and biochemical characterization over the past decade has revealed an extraordinary breadth of biological diversity among the family Paramyxoviridae. Like all enveloped viruses, paramyxoviruses must fuse with the plasma membrane of a receptive host cell as a prerequisite for viral entry and infection. Uniquely, paramyxoviruses contain two distinct membrane-anchored glycoproteins to mediate attachment, membrane fusion and particle entry. The attachment glycoprotein is required for virion attachment and the fusion protein is directly involved in facilitating the merger of the viral and host cell membranes. Here we detail important functional, biochemical and structural features of the attachment and fusion glycoproteins from a variety of family members. Specifically, the three different flavors of attachment proteins are discussed in detail, including receptor binding preference, their overall structure and fusion promotion activities. Recent solved atomic structures of certain attachment glycoproteins are summarized and how they relate to both receptor binding and fusion mechanisms are described. For the fusion protein, important features of protease cleavage and associated tropism and virulence are highlighted. Structural domains within the fusion protein and their proposed roles in mediating membrane merger are also illustrated. The recent crystallization of a metastable F is described in detail with emphasis on how small conformational changes can provide the necessary energy to mediate membrane fusion. Finally, the different proposed models that speculate how the attachment and fusion proteins work in concert to mediate virus entry are reviewed.
  • ISBN: TBA
  • Publication date: May 1, 2010
  • Series: Intelligence Unit
Taken from the book

Viral Entry into Host Cells

Edited by: Stefan Pohlmann and Graham Simmons

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