..Like for most human malignant diseases, it is essential to acquire biological tools for early diagnosis of small tumors, initial evaluation of tumor aggressiveness and rapid assessment of treatment efficacy. Because of the selective infection of the malignant NPC cells by the Epstein‑Barr...

..Vertebrates possess a highly sophisticated sensing machinery to detect RNA viruses, including influenza A viruses, resulting in induction of interferon and antiviral responses. However, influenza A viruses, similar to other viruses, have acquired inhibitory activities of the sensing and...

..The mammalian airways are lined by airway epithelial cells that are constantly engaged in the removal of inhaled pathogens (bacteria, viruses and fungi) or particles (smoke and diesel‑exhaust particles) by mucociliary mechanisms. Epithelial cells recognize vast repertoire of pathogens via...

..Cancer metastases arise from a unique subpopulation of cancer cells that adapt to circumvent normal homeostatic mechanisms of cellular control. They are able to spread, invade, and thrive in non‑native environments. The clinical relevance of metastases is based not only on their lethality,...

..Metastasis is the leading reason for the resultant mortality of patients with cancer. The past few decades have witnessed remarkable progress in understanding the molecular and cellular basis of this lethal process in cancer. The current article summarizes some of the key progress in this area...

..Colorectal adenocarcinoma remains the best studied model of gastrointestinal cancer metastases in which in the clinical arena patients may achieve satisfactory long‑term disease free outcomes with a multimodality approach. Predilection for both liver and peritoneal metastasis development is...

..The concept of organotropism is by no means novel; for over a century it has been observed that certain primary tumor types have a tendency to metastasize to specific secondary sites. Yet it is only since the dawn of the 21st century that genomics has emerged as a valuable tool for probing the...

..Some members of the tripartite motif (TRIM/RBCC) protein family are thought to be important regulators of carcinogenesis. This is not surprising as the TRIM proteins are involved in several biological processes, such as cell growth, development and cellular differentiation and alteration of...

..Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial malignant tumor which arises from the mucosa of the nasopharyngeal cavity. NPC usually presents as painless neck lumps. It can also present with nasal, aural and/or opthalmo‑neurologic symptoms. Patients in early stage of the disease are often...

..Currently used antiviral agents act by inhibiting viral entry, replication, or release of viral progeny. However, recent emergence of drug‑resistant viruses has become a major public health concern as it is limiting our ability to prevent and treat viral diseases. Furthermore, very few...