..Anti‑fungal host defense is mounted by both innate and adaptive wings of the immune system. Innate immunity appears to play a very important role in effecting anti‑fungal immune response, and in most cases, is central to the clearance of fungal pathogens in immunocompetent individuals. An...

..Incidence of skin tumors is increasing among elderly patients, and the multi‑morbidities which occur in the elderly are a great challenge for dermatologists. Basis of every treatment of skin cancer patients is a reliable diagnosis. Therefore, histopathology serves as the gold standard in...

..Resistance to anticancer drugs is a major impediment to treating patients with cancer. The molecular mechanisms deciding whether a tumor cell commits to cell death or survives under chemotherapy are complex. Mounting evidence indicates a critical role of cell death and survival pathways in...

..Melanoma and non‑melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) are now the most common types of cancer in white populations. Both tumor entities show an increasing incidence rate worldwide but a stable or decreasing mortality rate. . ..NMSC is the most common cancer in white‑skinned individuals with a...

..After decades of therapeutic frustration, the identification of some fundamental molecular drivers finally set the stage for the development of targeted therapies of metastatic malignant melanoma. With the invention of B‑RAF inhibitors, targeting the mutated and activated B‑RAF molecule in...

..Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect squamous epithelia and can induce hyperproliferative lesions. More than 120 different HPV types have been characterized and classified into five different genera. While mucosal high‑risk HPVs have a well‑established causal role in anogenital...

..Viruses are constantly under the peril of complement assault as they are efficiently recognized and neutralized by the complement system. In addition, the complement system is also known to enhance the virus specific B and T cell responses which play critical role in controlling viral...

..It was suggested that vitamin D levels influence cancer development. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a crucial mediator for the cellular effects of vitamin D. In fact It has been hypothesized that polymorphisms in the VDR gene affect cancer risk and the relevance of VDR gene restriction...

..Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the biggest killer in the Western World despite significant advances in understanding its molecular underpinnings. Chronic inflammation, the classical hallmark of atherogenesis is thought to play a key pathogenic role in the development of atherosclerotic...

..The type I interferon (IFN) response is the most potent cellular innate immune response against viral infections. However, several human RNA viruses have evolved strategies to evade or suppress different components and/or steps of the host type I IFN response in order to facilitate their...